Chapter 6 Neck

  1. Skanalakis J, Godwin J, Androulakis J, et al. The differential diagnosis of tumors of the neck. Prog Clin Cancer 1977;4:141–59.
  2. Solbiati L, Montali G, Croce F, et al. Parathyroid tumors detected by fine-needle aspiration biopsy under ultrasonic guidance. Radiology 1983;148:793–7. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Simeone J, Daniels G, Mueller P, et al. High-resolution real-time sonography of the thyroid. Radiology 1982;145:431–5. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Wisner E, Nyland T, Mattoon J. Ultrasonographic examination of cervical masses in the dog and cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1994;35:310–15.
  5. Wisner E, Mattoon J, Nyland T, et al. Normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine neck. Vet Radiol 1991;32:185–90.
  6. Issing P, Ohmayer T, Schonermark M, et al. Jugular vein thrombosis as incidental ultrasound finding in tumor patients. HNO 1995;43:672–5. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Gaitini D, Kaftori J, Pery M, et al. High-resolution real-time ultrasonography. Diagnosis and follow-up of jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 1988;7:621–7. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Hubsch P, Stiglbauer R, Schwaighofer B, et al. Internal jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis caused by central venous catheters. Evaluation using Doppler blood flow imaging. J Ultrasound Med 1988;7:629–36. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Routh CE, Hagen RU, Else RW, et al. Imaging diagnosis–congenital venous aneurysm of the left external jugular vein. Vet Rad Ultrasound 2009;50:506–8. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Jmor S, El-Atrozy T, Griffin M, et al. Grading internal carotid artery stenosis using B-mode ultrasound (in vivo study). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999;18:315–22. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Beebe H, Salles-Cunha SX, Scissons R, et al. Carotid arterial ultrasound scan imaging: a direct approach to stenosis measurement. J Vasc Surg 1999;29:838–44. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Hetzel A, Eckenweber B, Trummer B, et al. Colour-coded duplex sonography of preocclusive carotid stenoses. Eur J Ultrasound 1998;8:183–91. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Gooding G, Langman A, Dillon W, et al. Malignant carotid artery invasion: sonographic detection. Radiology 1989;171:435–8. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Taeymans O, Penninck DG, Peters RM. Comparison between clinical, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and pathology findings in dogs presented for suspected thyroid carcinoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013 Jan-Feb;54(1):61–70. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Fife W, Mattoon J, Drost W, et al. Imaging features of a presumed carotid body tumor in a dog. Vet Rad Ultrasound 2003;44:322–5. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Knappertz VA, Tegeler CH, Hardin SJ, et al. Vagus nerve imaging with ultrasound: anatomic and in vivo validation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:82–5. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Reese S, Ruppert C. Ultrasonographic imaging of the vagosympathetic trunk in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001;42:272–5. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Ruppert C, Hartmann K, Fischer A, et al. Cervical neoplasia originating from the vagus nerve in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2000;41:119–22. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Wisner E, Nyland T. Ultrasonography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998;28:973–91. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Wisner E, Theon A, Nyland T, et al. Ultrasonographic examination of the thyroid gland of hyperthyroid cats: comparison to 99mTc scintigraphy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1994;34:53–8.
  21. Taeymans O, Duchateau L, Schreurs E, et al. Intra- and interobserver variability of ultrasonographic measurements of the thyroid gland in healthy beagles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46:139–42. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Brömel C, Pollard RE, Kass PH, et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy small-, medium-, and large-breed dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:70–7. PUBMED Abstract
  23. King A, Ahuja A, King W, et al. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of a large, rapidly growing, thyroid mass. Postgrad Med J 1997;73:412–14. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Taeymans O, Peremans K, Saunders JH. Thyroid imaging in the dog: current status and future directions. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21:673–84. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Reese S, Breyer U, Deeg C, et al. Thyroid sonography as an effective tool to discriminate between euthyroid sick and hypothyroid dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19: 491–8. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Brömel C, Pollard RE, Kass PH, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thyroid gland in healthy, hypothyroid, and euthyroid golden retrievers with nonthyroidal illness. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:499–506. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Taeymans O, Daminet S, Duchateau L, et al. Pre- and post-treatment ultrasonography in hypothyroid dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007;48:262–9. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Rajatanavin R, Fang S, Pino S, et al. Thyroid hormone antibodies and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in mongrel dogs. Endocrinology 1989;124:2535–40. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Chastain C, Young D, Kemppainen R. Anti-triiodothyronine antibodies associated with hypothyroidism and lymphocytic thyroiditis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;194:531–4. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Gosselin S, Capen C, Martin S, et al. Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1982;3:185–201. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Vollset I, Larsen H. Occurrence of autoantibodies against thyroglobulin in Norwegian dogs. Acta Vet Scand 1987;28:65–71. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Set P, Oleszczuk-Raschke K, von Lengerke JH, et al. Sonographic features of Hashimoto thyroiditis in childhood. Clin Radiol 1996;51:167–9. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Scheible W, Leopold G, Woo V, et al. High-resolution real-time ultrasonography of thyroid nodules. Radiology 1979;133:413–17. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Butch R, Simeone J, Mueller P. Thyroid and parathyroid ultrasonography. Radiol Clin North Am 1985;23: 57–71. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Blum M, Passalaqua A, Sackler J, et al. Thyroid echography of subacute thyroiditis. Radiology 1977;125:795–8. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Yeh H, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: ultrasonographic sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15:813–19. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Ying M, Brook F, Ahuja A, et al. The value of thyroid parenchymal echogenicity as an indicator of pathology using the sternomastoid muscle for comparison. Ultrasound Med Biol 1998;24:1097–105. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Barbertet V, Baeumlin Y, Taeymans O, et al. Pre- and posttreatment ultrasonography of the thyroid gland in hyperthyroid cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010;51: 324–30. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Moulton JE, editor. Tumors in domestic animals. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1990.
  40. Birchard S, Roesel O. Neoplasia of the thyroid gland in the dog: a retrospective study of 16 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981;17:369–72.
  41. Brodey R, Kelly D. Thyroid neoplasms in the dog. A clinicopathologic study of fifty-seven cases. Cancer 1968;22:406–16. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Zarrin K. Naturally occurring parafollicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid in dogs. A histological and ultrastructural study. Vet Pathol 1977;14:556–66. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Harari J, Patterson J, Rosenthal R. Clinical and pathologic features of thyroid tumors in 26 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188:1160–4. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Leav I, Schiller A, Rijnberk A, et al. Adenomas and carcinomas of the canine and feline thyroid. Am J Pathol 1976;83:61–122. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Peterson M. Feline hyperthyroidism. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1984;14:809–26. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Turrel J, Feldman E, Nelson R, et al. Thyroid carcinoma causing hyperthyroidism in cats: 14 cases (1981-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988;193:359–64. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Hoenig M, Goldschmidt M, Ferguson D, et al. Toxic nodular goiter in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 1982;23: 1–12. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Peterson M, Ferguson D. Thyroid diseases. In: Ettinger S, editor. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989. p. 1632–75.
  49. Loar A. Canine thyroid tumors. In: Kirk R, editor. Current veterinary therapy IX. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1986. p. 1033–9.
  50. Leveille R: Unpublished data.
  51. Lippi F, Ferrari C, Manetti L, et al. Treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection: results of an Italian multicenter study. The Multicenter Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:3261–4. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Komorowski J, Kuzdak K, Pomorski L, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in treatment of benign nonfunctional and hyperfunctional thyroid nodules. Cytobios 1998;95:143–50. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Bennedbaek F, Karstrup S, Hegedus L. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in the treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol 1997;136: 240–50. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Wells AL, Long CD, Hornof WJ, et al. Use of percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of bilateral hyperplastic thyroid nodules in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218(8):1293–7. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Mallery KF, Pollard RE, Nelson RW, et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223(11):1602–7. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Potanas CP, Armbrust L, Klocke EE, et al. Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of an oropharyngeal wood penetrating injury in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011;47:e1–6. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Wesche MFT, Tiel-v.Buul MM, Smits NJ, et al. Ultrasonographic versus scintigraphic measurement of thyroid volume in patients referred for I therapy. Nucl Med Commun 1998;19:341–6.
  58. Massaro F, Vera L, Schiavo M, et al. Ultrasonography thyroid volume estimation in hyperthyroid patients treated with individual radioiodine dose. J Endocrinol Invest 2007;30:318–22. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Loevner L. Imaging of the parathyroid glands. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1996;17:563–75. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Koslin D, Adams J, Andersen P, et al. Preoperative evaluation of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: role of high-resolution ultrasound. Laryngoscope 1997;107: 1249–53. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Hopkins C, Reading C. Thyroid and parathyroid imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1995;16:279–95. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Campbell J, Diamond T, North L. Ultrasound-guided parathyroid aspiration to diagnose parathyroid adenomas. Australas Radiol 1996;40:273–5. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Randel S, Gooding G, Clark O, et al. Parathyroid variants: US evaluation. Radiology 1987;165:191–4. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Levin K, Gooding G, Okerlund M, et al. Localizing studies in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 1987;102:917–25. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Liles SR, Linder KE, Cain B, et al. Ultrasonography of histologically normal parathyroid glands and thyroid lobules in normocalcemic dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010;51:447–52. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Feldman E, Wisner E, Nelson R, et al. Comparison of results of hormonal analysis of samples obtained from selected venous sites versus cervical ultrasonography for localizing parathyroid masses in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:54–6. PUBMED Abstract
  67. Graif M, Itzchak Y, Strauss S, et al. Parathyroid sonography: diagnostic accuracy related to shape, location, and texture of the gland. Br J Radiol 1987;60:439–43. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Karstrup S, Hegedus L, Holm H. Parathyroid ultrasonography in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Dan Med Bull 1988;35:583–5. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Lloyd M, Lees W, Milroy E. Pre-operative localisation in primary hyperparathyroidism [see comments]. Clin Radiol 1990;41:239–43. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Long C, Goldstein R, Hornof W, et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided chemical parathyroid ablation for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:217–21. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Sample W, Mitchell S, Bledsoe R. Parathyroid ultrasonography. Radiology 1978;127:485–90. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Reading C, Charboneau J, James E, et al. High-resolution parathyroid sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1982;139:539–46. PUBMED Abstract
  73. Simeone J, Mueller P, Ferrucci JJ, et al. High-resolution real-time sonography of the parathyroid. Radiology 1981;141:745–51. PUBMED Abstract
  74. Krubsack A, Wilson S, Lawson T, et al. Prospective comparison of radionuclide, computed tomographic, sonographic, and magnetic resonance localization of parathyroid tumors. Surgery 1989;106:639–44, discussion 644–6. PUBMED Abstract
  75. Abati A, Skarulis M, Shawker T, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of parathyroid lesions: a morphological and immunocytochemical approach. Hum Pathol 1995;26:338–43. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Wisner E, Nyland T, Feldman E, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the parathyroid glands in hypercalcemic dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1993;34:108–11.
  77. Wisner E, Penninck D, Biller D, et al. High-resolution parathyroid sonography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997;38:462–6. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Abati A, Skarulis M, Shawker T, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of parathyroid lesions: a morphological and immunocytochemical approach. Hum Pathol 1995;26:338–43. PUBMED Abstract
  79. Takebayashi S, Matsui K, Onohara Y, et al. Sonography for early diagnosis of enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;148:911–14. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Attie J, Khan A, Rumancik W, et al. Preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. Am J Surg 1988;156:323–6. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Gear RNA, Neiger R, Skelly BJS, et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism in 29 dogs: diagnosis, treatment, outcome and associated renal failure. J Small Anim Pract 2005;46:10–16. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Sueda MT, Stefanacci JD. Ultrasound evaluation of the parathyroid glands in two hypercalcemic cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000;41:448–51. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Giangrande A, Castiglioni A, Solbiati L, et al. Chemical parathyroidectomy for recurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24:421–6. PUBMED Abstract
  84. Karstrup S, Holm H, Glenthøj A, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism with sonographically guided percutaneous injection of ethanol: results in a selected series of patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990;154:1087–90. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Charboneau J, Hay I, van Heerden JA. Persistent primary hyperparathyroidism: Successful ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation of an occult adenoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:913–17. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Fletcher S, Kanagasundaram N, Rayner H, et al. Assessment of ultrasound guided percutaneous ethanol injection and parathyroidectomy in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:3111–17. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Pollard RE, Long CD, Nelson RW, et al. Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of primary hyperthyroidism in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:1106–10. PUBMED Abstract
  88. Wisner E, Nyland T. Localization of a parathyroid carcinoma using high-resolution ultrasonography in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 1994;8:244–5. PUBMED Abstract
  89. Sawyer ES, Northrup NC, Schmiedt CW, et al. Outcome of 19 dogs with parathyroid carcinoma after surgical excision. Vet Comp Oncol 2011;10:57–64. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Daly B, Coffey S, Behan M. Ultrasonographic appearances of parathyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol 1989;62:1017–19. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Edmonson G, Charboneau J, James E, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: high-frequency sonographic features. Radiology 1986;161:65–7. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Evans HE. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1993. p. 726–7 and 753–4.
  93. Burns GO, Scrivani PV, Thompson MS, et al. Relation between age, body weight, and medial retropharyngeal lymph node size in apparently healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008;49:277–81. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Ahuja A, Ying M, King W, et al. A practical approach to ultrasound of cervical lymph nodes. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:245–56. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Sako K, Pradier R, Marchetta F, et al. Fallibility of palpation in the diagnosis of metastasis to the cervical nodes. Surg Gyneol Obstet 1964;118:989–90.
  96. Toriyabe Y, Nishimura T, Kita S, et al. Differentiation between benign and metastatic cervical lymph nodes with ultrasound. Clin Radiol 1997;52:927–32. PUBMED Abstract
  97. Hajek P, Salomonowitz E, Turk R, et al. Lymph nodes of the neck: evaluation with US. Radiology 1986;158:739–42. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Takes R, Knegt P, Manni J, et al. Regional metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Revised value of US with US-guided FNAB [see comments] [published erratum appears in Radiology 202:285, 1997]. Radiology 1996;198:819–23. PUBMED Abstract
  99. Kruyt R, van Putten WL, Levendag P, et al. Biopsy of nonpalpable cervical lymph nodes: selection criteria for ultrasound-guided biopsy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Ultrasound Med Biol 1996;22:413–19. PUBMED Abstract
  100. Atula T, Grenman R, Varpula M, et al. Palpation, ultrasound, and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the assessment of cervical lymph node status in head and neck cancer patients. Head Neck 1996;18:545–51. PUBMED Abstract
  101. Atula T, Varpula M, Kurki T, et al. Assessment of cervical lymph node status in head and neck cancer patients: palpation, computed tomography and low field magnetic resonance imaging compared with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Eur J Radiol 1997;25:152–61. PUBMED Abstract
  102. Ahuja A, Ying M, Yang W, et al. The use of sonography in differentiating cervical lymphomatous lymph nodes from cervical metastatic lymph nodes. Clin Radiol 1996;51:186–90. PUBMED Abstract
  103. Gooding G. Gray-scale ultrasonography of the neck. JAMA 1980;243:1562–4. PUBMED Abstract
  104. Nyman HT, Lee MH, McEvoy FJ, et al. Comparison of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic findings with histologic features of benign and malignant superficial lymph nodes in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:978–84. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Nyman HT, Kristensen AT, Skovgaard IM, et al. Characterization of normal and abnormal canine superficial lymph nodes using gray-scale B-mode, color flow mapping, power and spectral Doppler ultrasonography: a multivariate study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46: 404–10. PUBMED Abstract
  106. Tsunodo-Shimizu H, Saida Y. Ultrasonographic visibility of supraclavicular lymph nodes in normal subjects. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:481–3. PUBMED Abstract
  107. Som P. Lymph nodes of the neck. Radiology 1987; 165:593–600. PUBMED Abstract
  108. Santa DD, Gaschen L, Doherr MG, et al. Spectral waveform analysis of intranodal arterial blood flow in abnormally large superficial lymph nodes in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008;69:478–85. PUBMED Abstract
  109. Lurie DM, Seguin B, Schneider PD, et al. Contrast-assisted ultrasound for sentinel lymph node detection in spontaneously arising canine head and neck tumors. Invest Radiol 2006;41:415–21. PUBMED Abstract
  110. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, editors. The viscera of the domestic animals. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1979.
  111. Wittich G, Scheible W, Hajek P. Ultrasonography of the salivary glands. Radiol Clin North Am 1985;23:29–37. PUBMED Abstract
  112. Gooding G. Gray scale ultrasound of the parotid gland. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1980;134:469–72. PUBMED Abstract
  113. Neiman H, Phillips J, Jaques D, et al. Ultrasound of the parotid gland. J Clin Ultrasound 1976;4:11–13. PUBMED Abstract
  114. Gritzmann N. Sonography of the salivary glands. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989;153:161–6. PUBMED Abstract
  115. Cannon MS, Paglia D, Zwingenberger AL, et al. Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in dogs with zygomatic sialadenitis: 11 cases (1990-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:1211–18. PUBMED Abstract
  116. Jubb K, Kennedy P. The upper alimentary canal. In: Pathology of the domestic animals. New York: Academic Press; 1970. p. 44–5.
  117. Murray M, Buckenham T, Joseph A. The role of ultrasound in screening patients referred for sialography: a possible protocol. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1996;21: 21–3. PUBMED Abstract
  118. Rudorf H. Ultrasonographic imaging of the tongue and larynx in normal dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1997;38: 439–44. PUBMED Abstract
  119. Bray JP, Lipscombe VJ, White RAS, et al. Ultrasonographic examination of the pharynx and larynx of the normal dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998;39:566–71. PUBMED Abstract
  120. Rudorf H, Barr F. Echolaryngography in cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002;43:353–7. PUBMED Abstract
  121. Rudorf H, Brown P. Ultrasonography of laryngeal masses in six cats and one dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998;39: 430–4. PUBMED Abstract
  122. Rudorf H, Barr FJ, Lane JG. The role of ultrasound in the assessment of laryngeal paralysis in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001;42:338–43. PUBMED Abstract
  123. Rudorf H, Herrtage M, White R. Use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse. J Small Anim Pract 1997;38:513–18. PUBMED Abstract
  124. Shih J, Lee L, Wu H, et al. Sonographic imaging of the trachea. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:783–90. PUBMED Abstract
  125. Doldi S, Lattuada E, Zappa M, et al. Ultrasonographic imaging of neoplasms of the cervical esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology 1997;44:724–6. PUBMED Abstract
  126. Solano M, Penninck DG. Ultrasonography of the canine, feline and equine tongue: normal findings and case history reports. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996;37:206–13.
  127. Gooding G, Herzog K, Laing F, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of neck masses. J Clin Ultrasound 1977;5: 248–52. PUBMED Abstract
  128. Ahuja A, King A, Kew J, et al. Head and neck lipomas: sonographic appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19:505–8. PUBMED Abstract
  129. Oates C, Wilson A, Ward-Booth RP, Williams ED. Combined use of Doppler and conventional ultrasound for the diagnosis of vascular and other lesions in the head and neck. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;19:235–9. PUBMED Abstract
  130. Lambrects NE, Pearson J. Cervical teratoma in a dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2001;72:49–51.
  131. Armbrust LJ, Biller DS, Radlinsky MG, et al. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of foreign bodies associated with chronic draining tracts and abscesses in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003;44:66–70. PUBMED Abstract