Chapter 14 Musculoskeletal System

  1. Miles CA, Fursey GA, Birch HL, et al. Factors affecting the ultrasonic properties of equine digital flexor tendons. Ultrasound Med Biol 1996;22:907–15. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Connolly DJ, Berman L, McNally EG. The use of beam angulation to overcome anisotropy when viewing human tendon with high frequency linear array ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2001;74:183–5. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Garcia T, Hornof WJ, Insana MF. On the ultrasonic properties of tendon. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003;29:1787–97. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Bianchi S, Martinoli C. Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System. Berlin: Springer; 2007.
  5. Chhem RK, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG. Ultrasonography of the musculoskeletal system. Radiol Clin North Am 1994;32:275–89. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Kramer M, Gerwing M, Hach V, et al. Sonography of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997;38:139–49. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Ziegler L, O'Brien RT. Harmonic ultrasound: a review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2002;43:501–9. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Whatmough C, Guitian J, Baines E, et al. Ultrasound image compounding: effect on perceived image quality. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007;48:141–5. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Teh J. Applications of Doppler imaging in the musculoskeletal system. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2006;35:22–34. PUBMED Abstract<br>9a. Sanders RC. Sonography of fat. In: Sanders RC, Hill M, editors. Ultrasound annual. New York: Raven; 1984. p. 71–95.
  10. Cannon MS, Puchalski SM. Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal canine iliopsoas muscle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008;49(4):378–82. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Weller R, Pfau T, Ferrari M, et al. The determination of muscle volume with a freehand 3D ultrasonography system. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007;33:402–7. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Chao HC, Lin SJ, Huang YC, et al. Sonographic evaluation of cellulitis in children. J Ultrasound Med 2000;19:743–9. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Chau CL, Griffith JF. Musculoskeletal infections: ultrasound appearances. Clin Radiol 2005;60:149–59. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Trout NJ, Penninck DG, Boudrieau RJ, et al. Early postoperative ultrasonographic evaluation of incisional sites in dogs: 15 cases (1990-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:1565–8. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Armbrust LJ, et al. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of foreign bodies associated with chronic draining tracts and abscesses in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003;44(1):66–70. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Davison BD, Polak JF. Arterial injuries: a sonographic approach. Radiol Clin North Am 2004;42:383–96. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Hall J, Lee K, Priestnall S, et al. Radial artery pseudoaneurysm in a Maine Coon cat. Vet Surg submitted. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Fitch RB, Jaffe MH, Montgomery RD. Muscle injuries in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1997;19:947–57.
  19. Steiss JE. Muscle disorders and rehabilitation in canine athletes. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002;32(1):267–85. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Lewis DD, Shelton GD, Piras A, et al. Gracilis or semitendinosus myopathy in 18 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997;33:177–88. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Siems JJ, Breur GJ, Blevins WE, et al. Use of two-dimensional real-time ultrasonography for diagnosing contracture and strain of the infraspinatus muscle in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:77–80. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Breur GJ, Blevins WE. Traumatic injury of the iliopsoas muscle in three dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1631–4. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Fukuda T, Sakamoto I, Kohzaki S, et al. Spontaneous rectus sheath hematomas: clinical and radiological features. Abdom Imaging 1996;21:58–61. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Inampudi P, Jacobson JA, Fessell DP, et al. Soft-tissue lipomas: accuracy of sonography in diagnosis with pathologic correlation. Radiology 2004;233:763–7. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Murphey MD, Arcara LK, Fanburg-Smith J. From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of musculoskeletal liposarcoma with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2005;25:1371–95. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Belli P, Costantini M, Mirk P, et al. Role of color Doppler sonography in the assessment of musculoskeletal soft tissue masses. J Ultrasound Med 2000;19:823–30. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Benigni L, Corr SA, Lamb CR. Ultrasonographic assessment of the canine sciatic nerve. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007;48:428–33. PUBMED Abstract<br> 27a. Haro P, Gil F, Laredo F, et al. Ultrasonographic study of the feline sciatic nerve. J Feline Med Surg 2011;13:259–65. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Guilherme S, Benigni L. Ultrasonographic anatomy of the brachial plexus and major nerves of the canine thoracic limb. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008;49:577–83. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Echeverry DF, Gil F, Laredo F, et al. Ultrasound-guided block of the sciatic and femoral nerves in dogs: a descriptive study. Vet J 2010;186:210–15. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Campoy L, Bezuidenhout AJ, Gleed RD, et al. Ultrasound-guided approach for axillary brachial plexus, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010;37:144–53. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Reynolds DL Jr, Jacobson JA, Inampudi P, et al. Sonographic characteristics of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:741–4. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Gruber H, Glodny B, Bendix N, et al. High-resolution ultrasound of peripheral neurogenic tumors. Eur Radiol 2007;17:2880–8. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Tagliafico A, Altafini L, Garrello I, et al. Traumatic neuropathies: spectrum of imaging findings and postoperative assessment. Semin Musculoskeletal Radiol 2010;14(5):512–22. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Platt SR, Graham J, Chrisman CL, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999;40:367–71. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Montoliu P, Pumarola M, Zamora À, et al. Femoral mononeuropathy caused by a malignant sarcoma: two case reports. Veterinary Journal 2008;178(2):298–301. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Da Costa RC, Parent JM, Dobson H, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in 4 dogs. Can Vet J 2008;49:77–81. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Rose S, Long C, Knipe M, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of brachial plexus tumors in five dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46(6):514–17. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Bradley RL, Withrow SJ, Snyder SP. Nerve sheath tumors in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982;18:915–21.
  39. Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS, et al. A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1995;31:349–59. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Targett MP, Dyce J, Houlton JEF. Tumors involving the nerve sheaths of the forelimb in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1993;34:221–5.
  41. Cho KH, Lee YH, Lee SM, et al. Sonography of bone and bone-related diseases of the extremities. J Clin Ultrasound 2004;32:511–21. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Risselada M, Kramer M, van Bree H. Approaches for ultrasonographic evaluation of long bones in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003;44:214–20. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Risselada M, Van Bree H, Kramer M, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of fracture healing after plate osteosynthesis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007;48:368–72. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Risselada M, Kramer M, de Rooster H, et al. Ultrasonographic and radiographic assessment of uncomplicated secondary fracture healing of long bones in dogs and cats. Vet Surg 2005;34:99–107. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Maffulli N, Thornton A. Ultrasonographic appearance of external callus in long-bone fractures. Injury 1995;26: 5–12. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Kang B, Zhu TB, Du JY, et al. Sonographic diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in the early stage. J Tongji Med Univ 1994;14:61–4. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Taneja K, Mittal SK, Marya SK, et al. Acute osteomyelitis: early diagnosis by ultrasonography. Australas Radiol 1992;36:77–9. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Collado P, Naredo E, Calvo C, et al. Role of power Doppler sonography in early diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children. J Clin Ultrasound 2008;36:251–3. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Cleveland TJ, Peck RJ. Case report: chronic osteomyelitis demonstrated by high resolution ultrasonography. Clin Radiol 1994;49:429–31. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Pineda C, Vargas A, Rodriguez AV. Imaging of osteomyelitis: current concepts. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20:789–825. PUBMED Abstract<br> 50a. Kulendra E, Corr S. Necrotizing fasciitis with sub-periosteal Streptococcus canis infection in two puppies. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008;21:474–7. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Saifuddin A, Burnett SJ, Mitchell R. Pictorial review: ultrasonography of primary bone tumours. Clin Radiol 1998;53:239–46. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Samii VF, Nyland TG, Werner LL, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of bone lesions: a preliminary report. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999;40: 82–6. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Britt T, Clifford C, Barger A, et al. Diagnosing appendicular osteosarcoma with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: 36 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2007;48: 145–50. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Myers SL, Dines K, Brandt DA, et al. Experimental assessment by high frequency ultrasound of articular cartilage thickness and osteoarthritic changes. J Rheumatol 1995;22:109–16. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Reed AL, Payne JT, Constantinescu GM. Ultrasonographic anatomy of the normal canine stifle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995;36:315–21.
  56. Kramer M, Stengel H, Gerwing M, et al. Sonography of the canine stifle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999;40: 282–93. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Long CD, Nyland TG. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the canine shoulder. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999;40: 372–9. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Tnibar MA, Auer JA, Bakkali S. Ultrasonography of the equine shoulder: technique and normal appearance. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999;40:44–57. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Lamb CR, Wong K. Ultrasonographic anatomy of the canine elbow. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46: 319–25. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Greshake RJ, Ackerman N. Ultrasound evaluation of the coxofemoral joints of the canine neonate. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1993;34:99–104.
  61. Penninck DG, Nyland TG, O'Brien TR, et al. Ultrasonography of the equine stifle. Vet Radiol 1990;31: 293–8.
  62. Cauvin ER, Munroe GA, Boyd JS, et al. Ultrasonographic examination of the femorotibial articulation in horses: imaging of the cranial and caudal aspects. Equine Vet J 1996;28:285–96. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Soler M, Murciano J, Latorre R, et al. Ultrasonographic, computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the normal canine stifle joint. Vet J 2007;174: 351–61. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Liuti T, Saunders JH, Gielen I, et al. Ultrasound approach to the canine distal tibia and trochlear ridges of the talus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007;48:361–7. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Vandevelde B, Van Ryssen B, Saunders JH, et al. Comparison of the ultrasonographic appearance of osteochondrosis lesions in the canine shoulder with radiography, arthrography, and arthroscopy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006;47:174–84. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Piorek A, Adamiak Z. Ultrasonography of the canine shoulder joint and its pathological changes. Pol J Vet Sci 2010;13(1):193–200. PUBMED Abstract
  67. Seyrek-Intas D, Michele U, Tacke S, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234(4):480–5. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Lonsdale R, Todhunter R, Yeager A, et al. Ultrasound assessment of femoral head epiphyseal mineralization and subluxation in Labrador retrievers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998;39:595.
  69. O'Brien RT, Dueland RT, Adams WC, et al. Dynamic ultrasonographic measurement of passive coxofemoral joint laxity in puppies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997; 33:275–81. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Rademacher N, Ohlerth S, Doherr MG, et al. Doppler sonography of the medial arterial blood supply to the coxofemoral joints of 36 medium to large breed dogs and its relationship with radiographic signs of joint disease. Vet Rec 2005;156:305–9. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Suzuki S, Awaya G, Okada Y, et al. Examination by ultrasound of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987 Jul;220:130–6. PUBMED Abstract<br> 71a. Eckerwall G, Hochbergs P, Wingstrand H, et al. Sonography and intracapsular pressure in Perthes' disease. 39 children examined 2-36 months after onset. Acta Orthop Scand 1994;65(6):575–80. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Whitelock RG, Dyce J, Houlton JEF, et al. A review of 30 tumours affecting joints. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1997;10:146–52.
  73. Martinoli C, Derchi LE, Pastorino C, et al. Analysis of echotexture of tendons with US. Radiology 1993;186: 839–43. PUBMED Abstract
  74. Vaughan LC. Muscle and tendon injuries in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1979;20:711–36. PUBMED Abstract
  75. Jacobson JA, van Holsbeeck MT. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Orthop Clin North Am 1998;29: 135–67. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Crass JR, Genovese RL, Render JA, et al. Magnetic resonance, ultrasound and histopathologic correlation of acute and healing equine tendon injuries. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1992;33:206–16.
  77. Cogar SM, Cook CR, Curry SL, et al. Prospective evaluation of techniques for differentiating shoulder pathology as a source of forelimb lameness in medium and large breed dogs. Vet Surg 2008;37:132–41. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Evans HE. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993.
  79. Bruce WJ, Burbidge HM, Bray JP, et al. Bicipital tendinitis and tenosynovitis in the dog: a study of 15 cases. N Z Vet J 2000;48:44–52. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Schaaf OR, Eaton-Wells R, Mitchell RAS. Biceps brachii and brachialis tendon of insertion injuries in eleven racing Greyhounds. Vet Surg 2009;38(7):825–33. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Kramer M, Gerwing M, Sheppard C, et al. Ultrasonography for the diagnosis of diseases of the tendon and tendon sheath of the biceps brachii muscle. Vet Surg 2001;30:64–71. PUBMED Abstract
  82. Esterline ML, Armbrust L, Roush JK. A comparison of palpation guided and ultrasound guided percutaneous biceps brachii tenotomy in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2005;18(3):135–9. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Peppler C, Kramer M, Gerwing M. Ultrasound guided percutaneous tenotomy of the biceps tendon in five dogs with tendovaginitis—preliminary results. Tieraerztliche Praxis Ausgabe Kleintiere Heimtiere 2009;37(3):167–72.
  84. Bruce WJ, Spence S, Miller A. Teres minor myopathy as a cause of lameness in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 1997;38:74–7. PUBMED Abstract
  85. Turan E, Ozsunar Y, Yildirim IG. Ultrasonographic examination of the carpal canal in dogs. J Vet Sci 2009;10(1):77–80. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Lamb CR, Duvernois A. Ultrasonographic anatomy of the normal canine calcaneal tendon. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46:326–30. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Reinke JD, Kus SP. Calcaneal mechanism injury in the dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1982;4:639–45.
  88. Meutstege FJ. The classification of canine Achilles' tendon lesions. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1993;6:53–5.
  89. Reinke JD, Mughannam AJ, Owens JM. Avulsion of the gastrocnemius tendon in 11 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1993;29:410–18.
  90. Kramer M, Gerwing M, Michele U, et al. Ultrasonographic examination of injuries to the Achilles tendon in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2001;42:531–5. PUBMED Abstract
  91. Rivers BJ, Walter PA, Kramek B, et al. Sonographic findings in canine common calcaneal tendon injury. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1997;10:45–53.
  92. Gnudi G, Bertoni G. Echographic examination of the stifle joint affected by cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001;42:266–70. PUBMED Abstract
  93. Seong Y, Eom K, Lee H, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of cranial cruciate ligament rupture via dynamic intra-articular saline injection. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46:80–2. PUBMED Abstract
  94. Arnault F, Cauvin E, Viguier E, et al. Diagnostic value of ultrasonography to assess stifle lesions in dogs after cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 13 cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009;22(6):479–85. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Mahn MM, Cook JL, Cook CR, et al. Arthroscopic verification of ultrasonographic diagnosis of meniscal pathology in dogs. Vet Surg 2005;34:318–23. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Mattern KL, Berry CR, Peck JN, et al. Radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluation of the patellar ligament following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006;47:185–91. PUBMED Abstract
  97. Caine A, Agthe P, Posch B, et al. Sonography of the soft tissue structures of the canine tarsus. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009;50(3):304–8. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Cardinal E, Chhem RK, Beauregard CG. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in the musculoskeletal system. Radiol Clin North Am 1998;36:597–604. PUBMED Abstract
  99. Soudack M, Nachtigal A, Vladovski E, et al. Sonographically guided percutaneous needle biopsy of soft tissue masses with histopathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med 2006;25:1271–7, quiz 1278–79. PUBMED Abstract
  100. Shah ZR, Crass JR, Oravec DC, et al. Ultrasonographic detection of foreign bodies in soft tissues using turkey muscle as a model. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1992;33:94–100.
  101. Matteucci ML, Spaulding K, Dassler C, et al. Ultrasound diagnosis: intra-abdominal wood foreign body. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999;40:513–16. PUBMED Abstract
  102. Gnudi G, Volta A, Bonazzi M, et al. Ultrasonographic features of grass awn migration in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005;46:423–6. PUBMED Abstract
  103. Frendin J, Funkquist B, Hansson K, et al. Diagnostic imaging of foreign body reactions in dogs with diffuse back pain. J Small Anim Pract 1999;40:278–85. PUBMED Abstract
  104. Jacobson JA, Powell A, Craig JG, et al. Wooden foreign bodies in soft tissue: detection at US. Radiology 1998;206:45–8. PUBMED Abstract
  105. Lyon M, Brannam L, Johnson D, et al. Detection of soft tissue foreign bodies in the presence of soft tissue gas. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:677–81. PUBMED Abstract
  106. Shiels WE 2nd, Babcock DS, Wilson JL, et al. Localization and guided removal of soft-tissue foreign bodies with sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1990;155:1277–81. PUBMED Abstract